READING GROUP GUIDE
Reading Group Guide for For Whom the Bell Tolls
Introduction
Ernest Hemingway was born July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. After graduation from high school, he moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where he worked briefly for the Kansas City Star. Failing to qualify for t...
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READING GROUP GUIDE
Reading Group Guide for For Whom the Bell Tolls
Introduction
Ernest Hemingway was born July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. After graduation from high school, he moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where he worked briefly for the Kansas City Star. Failing to qualify for the United States Army because of poor eyesight, he enlisted with the American Red Cross to drive ambulances in Italy. He was severely wounded on the Austrian front on July 9, 1918. Following recuperation in a Milan hospital, he returned home and became a freelance writer for the Toronto Star.
In December of 1921, he sailed to France and joined an expatriate community of writers and artists in Paris while continuing to write for the Toronto Star. There his fiction career began in "little magazines" and small presses and led to a volume of short stories, In Our Time (1925). His novels The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929) established Hemingway as the most important and influential fiction writer of his generation. His later collections of short stories and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) affirmed his extraordinary career while his highly publicized life gave him unrivaled celebrity as a literary figure.
Hemingway became an authority on the subjects of his art: trout fishing, bullfighting, big-game hunting, and deep-sea fishing, and the cultures of the regions in which he set his work -- France, Italy, Spain, Cuba, and Africa.
The Old Man and the Sea (1952) earned him the Pulitzer Prize and was instrumental in his being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954. Hemingway died in Ketchum, Idaho, on July 2, 1961.
Description
Robert Jordan, a Spanish professor from Montana serving with Loyalist guerrilla forces during the Spanish Civil War, is guided by the old man Anselmo to Pablo's guerrilla band in the mountains above a bridge which Jordan must blow up when the Loyalist offensive begins. Pablo, aware that Jordan's mission will invite fascist forces, refuses at first to participate, but relents, returning with additional men and horses shortly before the mission begins. Knowing that the fascists are aware of the offensive, Jordan sends a message to General Golz, hoping the offensive will be canceled, but the message arrives too late. Jordan blows the bridge, and Anselmo is killed by flying steel. As the group attempts escape, Jordan is seriously injured, and Maria, having been told by Jordan that he will always be with her, leaves with the survivors while Jordan remains behind, waiting for death.
Discussion Questions
1. Is Pablo opposed to blowing the bridge because he is a coward, as Pilar says, or is Pablo, himself, correct when he says he "has a tactical sense"? Why does Jordan agree with Pablo's reference to "the seriousness of this" (p. 54)? Is Agust?n correct when he calls Pablo "very smart" (p. 94)?
2. Was the communist effort to eliminate God successful? What does Anselmo's view of killing suggest about the limitations of dogma? What does he mean when he says of the bridge sentries, "It is only orders that come between us" (pp. 192-193)? What is implied when Anselmo says soldiers should atone and cleanse themselves after the war?
3. "Time" is a major theme in For Whom the Bell Tolls. How does Pilar's awareness of time affect her attitude toward Robert Jordan's and Maria's relationship? What conclusions does Robert Jordan draw about his own life during the very short time he spends with Maria?
4. Pablo calls his compatriots "illusioned people" (p. 215). Does this remark prove to be true? Does Jordan expose illusions? Does For Whom the Bell Tolls suggest that because of their illusions and vulnerability to exploitation the victims of the war were the entire Spanish people?
5. Does the epigraph, an excerpt from John Donne's Devotions XVII, convey the theme of For Whom the Bell Tolls? What is that theme? What scenes in the novel develop the sentiment of the epigraph? What is the narrator telling us when
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일생 동안 헤밍웨이가 몰두했던 주제는 전쟁이나 야생의 세계에서 나타나는 극단적인 상황에서의 삶과 죽음의 문제, 인간의 선천적인 존재 조건의 비극과, 그 운명에 맞닥뜨린 개인의 승리와 패배 등이었으며, 본인의 삶 또한 그러한 상황에 역동적으로 참여하는 드라마틱한 일생이었다. 헤밍웨이는 제1차 세계대전 종군 경험에서 취재한 소설 <해는 또다시 뜬다>, <무기여 잘 있거라>로 문명을 획득한다. 1936년 스페인 내란에서 얻은 인상을 그린 <누구를 위하여 종을 울리나>는 미국 사실주의의 대표적 걸작으로 냉철한 시각, 박력 있는 표현으로 헤밍웨이 문학의 절정을 이룬다. 그의 사상과 예술 추구의 작가 정신이 그대로 반영된 작품 <노인과 바다>는 1952년 출판되었는데, 이 작품은 그에게 퓰리처상과 노벨 문학상의 영예를 안겨 주었으며 <킬리만자로의 눈>, <있는 이 없는 이>, <노인과 바다> 등 그의 여러 작품들이 영화화되기도 하였다. 이 외에 <여명의 진실>, <아프리카의 푸른 언덕> 등의 작품이 있다. 헤밍웨이는 1961년 7월 62세의 나이로 의문의 엽총 자살로써 생을 마감했다.
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