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This unique book integrates a large number of subjects in environmental studies and provides a realistic and objective evaluation of pollution as a price we pay for a modern economy. It focuses on the scientific assessment of environmental quality by developing a framework of principles that can be applied to any environmental problem. It addresses tactical issues for managers and government workers such as remediation, environmental monitoring, risk assessment, and management. It can be used by professionals as well as undergraduate students. * Emphasizes conceptual understanding of environmental impact, integrating the disciplines of biology, chemistry, and mathematics * Topics cover the fate and transport of contaminants; monitoring and remediation of pollution; sources and characteristics of pollution; and risk assessment and management * Includes color photos and diagrams, chapter questions and problems, and highlighted key words
작가정보
저자(글) Pepper, Ian L.
목차
Preface xv
The Editors xvii
Contributing Authors xviii
The Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science (SWES) xx
PART 1 PROCESSES AFFECTING FATE AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS
The Extent of Global Pollution 3(10)
I.L. Pepper
C.P. Gerba
M.L. Brusseau
Science and Pollution 4(1)
Global Perspective of the Environment 5(1)
Pollution and Population Pressures 6(2)
Overview of Environmental Characterization 8(2)
Soil and the Subsurface 8(1)
Water 8(1)
Air 9(1)
Advances in Analytical Detection Technology 10(1)
Advances in Chemical Analysis 10(1)
Advances in Biological Analysis 10(1)
The Risk Based Approach to Pollution Science 10(2)
Waste Management, Site Remediation, and Ecosystem Restoration 12(1)
References and Additional Reading 12(1)
Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Soils and the Subsurface 13(11)
I.L. Pepper
M.L. Brusseau
Soil and Subsurface Environments 14(1)
Solid Phase 14(6)
Soil Profiles 14(2)
Primary Particles and Soil Texture 16(1)
Soil Structure 16(2)
Cation-Exchange Capacity 18(1)
Soil pH 18(1)
Organic Matter 19(1)
Vadose Zone---Solid Phase 20(1)
Gaseous Phase 20(1)
Constituents of Soil Atmosphere 20(1)
Availability of Oxygen and Soil Respiration 20(1)
Gaseous Phase Within the Vadose Zone 21(1)
Liquid Phase 21(1)
Basic Physical Properties 21(3)
Bulk Density 21(1)
Porosity 21(1)
Soil Water Content 22(1)
Soil Temperature 22(1)
Questions and Problems 23(1)
References and Additional Reading 23(1)
Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Waters 24(22)
D.B. Walker
M.L. Brusseau
K. Fitzsimmons
The Watery Planet 25(1)
Distribution 25(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle 25(1)
Unique Properties of Water 26(1)
Structure and Polarity 26(1)
Thermal Properties 26(1)
Mechanical Properties 27(1)
Interception, Evaporation, Infiltration, Runoff 27(1)
The Universal Solvent 28(4)
Concentration Terminology 29(1)
Oxygen and Other Gases in Water 29(1)
Carbon Dioxide in Water 30(2)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 32(1)
Light in Aquatic Environments 33(1)
Light Energy 33(1)
Light at and Below the Water Surface 33(1)
Oceans 34(1)
Salts 34(1)
Transport and Accumulation of Pollutants 34(1)
Wave Morphology and Currents 34(1)
Lakes and Reservoirs---The Lentic System 35(2)
Lentic Typology 35(1)
Trophic State 35(1)
Density and Layering 36(1)
Streams and Rivers---The Lotic System 37(1)
Stream Morphometry 37(1)
Stream Hydraulics 38(1)
Groundwater---Water in the Subsurface 38(6)
Water in the Subsurface 39(1)
Principles of Subsurface Water Flow 40(1)
Darcy's Law 41(1)
Hydraulic Conductivity 42(2)
A Watershed Approach 44(2)
Questions and Problems 44(1)
References and Additional Reading 45(1)
Physical-Chemical Characteristics of the Atmosphere 46(12)
A.D. Matthias
S.A. Musil
H.L. Bohn
Chemical Composition 47(2)
Physical Properties and Structure 49(9)
Density, Pressure, and Wind 50(1)
Temperature 51(4)
Water Vapor and Precipitation 55(1)
Radiative Transfer 55(1)
Lower Atmosphere 56(1)
Upper Atmosphere 57(1)
Questions and Problems 57(1)
References and Additional Reading 57(1)
Biotic Characteristics of the Environment 58(20)
I.L. Pepper
K.L. Josephson
Major Groups of Organisms 59(4)
Microorganisms in Surface Soils 63(6)
Bacteria 63(1)
Mode of nutrition 64(1)
Type of electron acceptor 65(1)
Ecological classification 65(1)
Dominant culturable soil bacteria 65(1)
Distribution and function 65(1)
Fungi 66(2)
Algae 68(1)
Protozoa 68(1)
Microorganisms in the Subsurface 69(1)
Biological Generation of Energy 69(1)
Soil as an Environment for Microbes 70(2)
Biotic Stress 70(1)
Abiotic Stress 71(1)
Activity and Physiological State of Microbes in Soil 72(1)
Enumeration of Soil Bacteria via Dilution and Plating 73(1)
Microorganisms in Air 73(3)
Incidence of Bioaerosols 73(1)
Fate and Transport of Bioaerosols 74(2)
Microorganisms in Surface Waters 76(2)
General Characteristics of Microbial Communities in Aquatic Environments 76(1)
Questions and Problems 77(1)
References and Additional Reading 77(1)
Physical Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate 78(11)
M.L. Brusseau
Contaminant Transport and Fate in the Environment 79(1)
Contaminant Properties 80(1)
Advection 81(1)
Dispersion 82(1)
Mass Transfer 83(1)
Transformation Reactions 83(1)
Characterizing Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Contaminants 83(2)
Estimating Phase Distributions of Contaminants 85(1)
Quantifying Contaminant Transport and Fate 86(3)
Questions and Problems 87(1)
References and Additional Reading 88(1)
Chemical Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate 89(16)
M.L. Brusseau
J. Chorover
Introduction 90(1)
Basic Properties of Inorganic Contaminants 90(4)
Speciation of Inorganic Pollutants 90(1)
Aqueous Phase Activities and Concentrations 90(1)
Ion Hydration, Ion Hydrolysis, and Acid-Base Reactions 91(2)
Aqueous-Phase Complexation Reactions 93(1)
Precipitation-Dissolution Reactions 93(1)
Basic Properties of Organic Contaminants 94(3)
Phases---Solids, Liquids, Gases 94(1)
Dissolution and Aqueous Solubilities of Organic Contaminants 95(1)
Evaporation of Organic Contaminants 96(1)
Volatilization of Organic Contaminants 96(1)
Multiple-Component Organic Phases 96(1)
Sorption Processes 97(4)
Inorganics 97(1)
Organics 98(2)
Magnitude and Rate of Sorption 100(1)
Abiotic Transformation Reactions 101(4)
Hydrolysis 101(1)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 101(1)
Photochemical Reactions 102(1)
Radioactive Decay 103(1)
Quantifying Transformation Rates 103(1)
Questions and Problems 104(1)
References and Additional Reading 104(1)
Biological Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate 105(18)
R.M. Maier
Biological Effects on Pollutants 106(1)
The Overall Process of Biodegradation 106(2)
Microbial Activity and Biodegradation 108(4)
Environmental Effects on Biodegradation 108(1)
Oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors 109(2)
Microbial populations and organic matter content 111(1)
Nitrogen 111(1)
Pollutant Structure 111(1)
Biodegradation Pathways 112(5)
Biodegradation Under Aerobic Conditions 112(1)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons 112(1)
Aromatic hydrocarbons 113(1)
Alicyclic hydrocarbons 114(1)
Biodegradation Under Anaerobic Conditions 115(1)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons 115(1)
Aromatic hydrocarbons 116(1)
Transformation of Metal Pollutants 117(6)
Effects of Metals on Microbial Metabolism 118(1)
Microbial Transformations of Metals 118(2)
Questions and Problems 120(1)
References and Additional Reading 120(3)
PART 2 MONITORING, ASSESSMENT, AND REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Physical Contaminants 123(9)
J. Walworth
I.L. Pepper
Particle Origins 124(1)
Particle Size 124(1)
Nanoparticles 125(1)
Particles in Air or Aerosols 125(3)
Aerosols of Concern 126(1)
Asbestos 126(1)
Silica 126(1)
Human-made aerosols 127(1)
Bioaerosols 128(1)
Particulates in Water 128(2)
Soil Particles 129(1)
Soil particle flocculation 129(1)
Summary 130(2)
Questions and Problems 131(1)
References and Additional Reading 131(1)
Chemical Contaminants 132(12)
M.L. Brusseau
C.M. McColl
G. Famisan
J.F. Artiola
Introduction 133(1)
Types of Contaminants 133(1)
Sources: Agricultural Activities 133(5)
Sources: Industrial and Manufacturing Activities 138(1)
Sources: Municipal Waste 138(2)
Sources: Service-Related Activities 140(1)
Sources: Resource Extraction/Production 141(1)
Sources: Radioactive Contaminants 141(2)
Natural Sources of Contaminants 143(1)
Questions and Problems 143(1)
References and Additional Reading 143(1)
Microbial Contaminants 144(26)
C.P. Gerba
I.L. Pepper
Water-Related Microbial Disease 145(1)
Classes of Diseases and Types of Pathogens 146(1)
Types of Pathogenic Organisms 147(16)
Viruses 147(2)
Bacteria 149(1)
Enteric bacteria 149(2)
Legionella 151(2)
Opportunistic bacterial pathogens 153(1)
Indicator bacteria 153(1)
The Most Probable Number (MPN) test 153(1)
The Membrane Filter (MF) test 154(1)
The Presence--Absence (P--A) test 155(2)
Fecal streptococci 157(1)
Heterotrophic plate count 158(1)
Bacteriophage 158(1)
Protozoa 159(1)
Giardia 159(1)
Cryptosporidium 160(1)
Helminths 161(2)
Blue-Green Algae 163(1)
Sources of Pathogens in the Environment 163(2)
Sludge 164(1)
Solid Waste 164(1)
Fate and Transport of Pathogens in the Environment 165(1)
Standards and Criteria for Indicators 166(4)
Questions and Problems 168(1)
References and Additional Reading 168(2)
The Role of Environmental Monitoring in Pollution Science 170(13)
J.F. Artiola
M.L. Brusseau
Introduction 171(1)
Sampling and Monitoring Basics 171(1)
Statistics and Geostatistics 172(1)
Sampling and Monitoring Tools 173(3)
Maps 173(2)
Remote Sensoring 175(1)
Soil and Vadose Zone Sampling and Monitoring 176(1)
Groundwater Sampling and Monitoring 177(2)
Surface Water Sampling and Monitoring 179(1)
Atmosphere Sampling and Monitoring 179(2)
Conclusions 181(2)
Questions and Problems 182(1)
References and Additional Reading 182(1)
Environmental Toxicology 183(29)
C.P. Gerba
History of Modern Toxicity in the United States 184(1)
Toxic Versus Nontoxic 184(1)
Exposure and Dose 184(2)
Evaluation of Toxicity 186(7)
Manifestations of Toxicity 187(1)
Toxicity Testing 188(1)
Toxicity Tests for Carcinogenicity 189(1)
Epidemiological Studies 190(2)
Short-Term Tests for Toxicity 192(1)
Threshold Effects 192(1)
Responses to Toxic Substances 193(4)
Absorption 193(1)
Distribution 194(1)
Excretion 195(1)
Metabolism 195(1)
Biotransformation of Toxicants 195(1)
Phase I Transformations 195(1)
Phase II Transformations 196(1)
Carcinogens 197(2)
Mutagens 199(1)
Teratogens 200(1)
Chemical Toxicity: General Considerations 201(1)
Chemical Toxicity: Selected Substances 202(10)
Heavy Metals 202(4)
Inorganic Radionuclides 206(1)
Insecticides 207(1)
Herbicides 208(1)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 209(2)
Questions and Problems 211(1)
References and Additional Reading 211(1)
Risk Assessment 212(21)
C.P. Gerba
The Concept of Risk Assessment 213(2)
The Process of Risk Assessment 215(8)
Hazard Identification 215(1)
Exposure Assessment 215(2)
Dose-Response Assessment 217(3)
Risk Characterization 220(1)
Cancer risks 220(1)
Noncancer risks 221(1)
Uncertainty analysis 222(1)
Risk projections and management 223(1)
Hazardous waste risk assessment 223(1)
Ecological Risk Assessment 223(2)
Microbial Risk Assessment 225(8)
Questions and Problems 231(1)
References and Additional Reading 231(2)
Environmental Laws and Regulations 233(10)
C.P. Gerba
C. Straub
Regulatory Overview 234(1)
The Safe Drinking Water Act 234(1)
The Clean Water Act 234(3)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 237(1)
Federal Insecticide and Rodenticide Act 238(1)
Clean Air Act 238(1)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 239(1)
The Pollution Prevention Act 239(1)
Other Regulatory Agencies and Accords 239(4)
Questions and Problems 240(1)
References and Additional Reading 240(3)
PART 3 LAND AND WATER POLLUTION MITIGATION
Soil and Land Pollution 243(16)
J.F. Artiola
J.L. Walworth
S.A. Musil
M.A. Crimmins
Introduction 244(1)
Surface Mining 244(1)
Mine Tailings 244(1)
Air Emissions 245(1)
Deforestation 245(1)
Local Land Pollution Impacts of Deforestation 246(1)
Regional Air Quality Impacts of Deforestation 246(1)
Soil Acidity---Salinity 246(1)
Acid Soils 246(1)
Salinity 247(1)
Soil Erosion 247(2)
Soil Water Erosion and Control 247(2)
Soil Wind Erosion and Control 249(1)
Agricultural Activities 249(4)
Fertilizers 249(1)
Pesticides 250(1)
Types of pesticides 250(1)
Extent of pesticide use 251(1)
Fate of pesticides 252(1)
Animal Wastes 253(1)
Nonpoint Versus Point Source Pollution 253(1)
Specific Pollutants 254(1)
Industrial Wastes With High Salts and Organics 254(1)
Oil Drilling 254(1)
Coal-Burning Electric Power Plants 254(1)
Industrial Wastes High in Organic Chemicals 255(1)
Invasive Species 255(4)
Kudzu 256(1)
Salt Cedar 256(1)
Questions and Problems 257(1)
References and Additional Reading 258(1)
Subsurface Pollution 259(20)
M.L. Brusseau
G.R. Tick
Groundwater as a Resource 260(1)
Groundwater Pollution 261(4)
Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment 265(2)
Point-Source Contamination 267(5)
Hazardous Organic Chemicals 268(2)
Landfills 270(2)
Diffuse-Source Contamination 272(3)
Agrochemical Pollution of the Subsurface 272(2)
Salt-Water Intrusion 274(1)
Other Groundwater Contamination Problems 275(2)
Pathogen Contamination of Groundwater 275(1)
Gasoline Additive: Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) 276(1)
Solvent Additives: 1,4-dioxane 276(1)
Perchlorate in Groundwater 276(1)
Arsenic in Groundwater 277(1)
Acid-Mine Drainage 277(1)
Sustainability of Groundwater Resources 277(2)
Questions and Problems 278(1)
References and Additional Reading 278(1)
Surface Water Pollution 279(33)
D. Walker
D. Baumgartner
K. Fitzsimmons
C.P. Gerba
Surface Freshwater Resources 280(1)
Marine Water Resources 280(1)
The Coastal Zone 280(1)
Open Ocean Waters 280(1)
Sources of Surface Water Pollution 281(1)
Sediments as Surface Water Contaminants 282(2)
Suspended Solids and Turbidity 283(1)
Metals as Surface Water Contaminants 284(2)
Mercury 284(2)
Arsenic 286(1)
Chromium 286(1)
Selenium 286(1)
Nutrients and Eutrophication of Surface Waters 286(8)
Harmful Algal Blooms 290(1)
Harmful Algal Blooms in Marine Systems 290(3)
Harmful Algal Blooms in Freshwater Systems 293(1)
Organic Compounds in Water 294(2)
Persistent, Bioaccumulative Organic Compounds 294(2)
Enteric Pathogens as Surface Water Contaminants 296(4)
Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) 300(1)
Quantification of Surface Water Pollution 300(4)
Die-Off of Indicator Organisms 300(3)
Organic Matter and Dissolved Oxygen 303(1)
Measurement of Potential Oxygen Demand Of Organics in Sewage 304(1)
COD 304(1)
BOD 304(1)
Determining BOD 304(2)
Impact of BOD on Dissolved Oxygen of Receiving Waters 305(1)
Dilution of Effluents 306(2)
Dilution in Streams and Rivers 306(1)
Dilution in Large Bodies of Water 307(1)
Initial dilution and transport 307(1)
Measurements and calculations 307(1)
Dye Tracing of Plumes 308(1)
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Plume Concentrations 309(1)
Compliance Monitoring 310(2)
Mixing Zones 310(1)
Regulatory Use 310(1)
Verification Sampling 310(1)
Questions and Problems 311(1)
References and Additional Reading 311(1)
Soil and Groundwater Remediation 312(22)
M.L. Brusseau
Introduction 313(1)
Superfund Process 313(1)
Site Characterization 314(4)
Remediation Technologies 318(16)
Containment Technologies 318(1)
Physical barriers 319(1)
Hydraulic barriers 319(1)
Other containment methods 320(1)
Removal 321(1)
Excavation 321(1)
Pump-and-treat 321(1)
Enhanced flushing 322(1)
Soil vapor extraction 323(1)
Air sparging 323(1)
Thermal methods 324(1)
Electrokinetic methods 325(1)
In situ Treatment 325(1)
Bioremediation 325(3)
In situ chemical treatment 328(1)
Other Technologies: Monitored Natural Attenuation 329(1)
Other Technologies: Phytoremediation 329(4)
Questions and Problems 333(1)
References and Additional Reading 333(1)
Ecosystem Restoration and Land Reclamation 334(17)
E.P. Glenn
W.J. Waugh
I.L. Pepper
Introduction 335(1)
Site Characterization 335(1)
Conceptual Plan and Site Assessment 335(1)
Plant Surveys 336(1)
Site Restoration 336(1)
Site Monitoring 336(1)
Approaches to Ecosystem Restoration 337(2)
Natural Restoration 337(1)
Passive Ecological Restoration 337(1)
Active Ecological Restoration 338(1)
Ecological Restoration Using Organic Amendment 338(1)
The Invasive Species Problem 339(1)
Land Reclamation 339(12)
Acidic Soils 347(1)
Saline and Sodic Soils 347(1)
Reforestation 348(1)
Questions and Problems 348(1)
References and Additional Reading 348(3)
PART 4 ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
Sensory Pollutants, Electromagnetic Fields and Radiofrequency Radiation 351(14)
J.F. Artiola
C.M. McColl
Introduction 352(1)
Heat 352(2)
Sources of Heat Islands 352(1)
Effects of Heat Islands 352(1)
Controlling Heat Islands 353(1)
Summary 353(1)
Light 354(2)
Sources of Light Pollution 354(1)
Effects of Light 354(1)
Controlling Light Pollution 355(1)
Summary 356(1)
Noise Pollution 356(3)
The Physics of Sound 356(1)
How We Hear Noise 356(2)
Sources of Noise 358(1)
Effects of Noise 358(1)
Summary 358(1)
Odor as a Sensory Pollutant 359(1)
Odor Response 359(1)
Odor Perceptions 359(1)
Sources of Odor 359(1)
Regulations 360(1)
Summary 360(1)
Electromagnetic Fields and Radiofrequency Radiation 360(5)
Effects and Levels of EMF 361(1)
Effects and Levels of RF 362(1)
Summary 362(2)
Questions and Problems 364(1)
References and Additional Reading 364(1)
Indoor Air Quality 365(12)
K.A. Reynolds
Fundamentals of Indoor Air Quality 366(1)
Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants 366(5)
Volatile Organic Compounds 367(1)
Pesticides 367(1)
Construction Materials and Furnishings 367(1)
Combustion Products 368(1)
Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide 368(1)
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) 368(1)
Lead and Radon 368(1)
Biological Pollutants 369(1)
Mold 369(1)
Endotoxin 369(1)
Viruses and Bacteria 370(1)
Animal Allergens 370(1)
Arthropod Allergens 370(1)
Plant Allergens 371(1)
Factors Influencing Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution 371(3)
Source Prevalence 371(1)
Building Maintenance and Operation 372(1)
Building Design 373(1)
Sensitive Populations 373(1)
Monitoring IAQ 374(3)
Questions and Problems 375(1)
References and Additional Reading 376(1)
Atmospheric Pollution 377(18)
A.D. Matthias
A.C. Comrie
S.A. Musil
Air Pollution Concepts 378(1)
Sources, Types, and Effects of Air Pollution 379(9)
Primary Pollutants 380(1)
Carbon monoxide 381(1)
Hydrocarbons 381(1)
Particulate matter 381(1)
Sulfur dioxide 382(1)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 383(1)
Lead 383(1)
Secondary Pollutants 383(2)
Toxic and Hazardous Air Pollutants 385(1)
Pollutants With Radiative Effects 385(1)
Greenhouse gases 385(1)
Stratospheric pollution 386(1)
NOx/O3 destruction cycle 387(1)
H2O/O3 destruction cycle 388(1)
CFC/O3 destruction cycle 388(1)
Weather and Pollutants 388(4)
Stability and Inversions 388(1)
Wind and Turbulence in Relation to Air Pollution 388(3)
Pollutant Transformation and Removal 391(1)
Pollution Trends in the United States 392(3)
Questions and Problems 393(1)
References and Additional Reading 393(2)
Global Change 395(20)
E.P. Glenn
A.D. Matthias
Introduction 396(1)
Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect 397(6)
The Greenhouse Effect 397(4)
Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on the Global Climate 401(2)
Other Global Changes 403(6)
Acid Rain 403(1)
Atmospheric Ozone 404(1)
Deforestation 405(1)
Desertification 406(1)
Depletion of Ocean Fish Stocks 407(1)
Coastal Degradation 408(1)
Solutions to the Problems of Global Environmental Change 409(6)
Questions and Problems 411(1)
References and Additional Reading 411(4)
PART 5 WASTE AND WATER TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Industrial and Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal 415(14)
J.F. Artiola
Introduction 416(1)
Relevant Regulations for Industrial and Municipal Solid Wastes 417(1)
Major Forms of Industrial Wastes 417(2)
Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Wastes 419(4)
Gas and Particulate Emissions 419(1)
Chemical Precipitation 419(1)
Flocculation, Coagulation, Dewatering--Filtration--Decanting--Drying 420(1)
Stabilization (Neutralization) and Solidification 420(1)
Oxidation 420(1)
Landfilling 421(1)
Landfarming of Refinery Sludges and Oilfield Wastes 421(1)
Deep-Well Injection of Liquid Wastes 421(1)
Incineration 422(1)
Stockpiling, Tailings, and Muds 423(1)
Reuse of Industrial Wastes 423(1)
Metals Recovery 423(1)
Energy Recovery 423(1)
Industrial Waste Solvents 423(1)
Industrial Waste Reuse 423(1)
Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste 424(2)
Municipal Solid Waste 424(1)
Modern Sanitary Landfills 425(1)
Reduction of MSW 426(1)
Pollution Prevention 426(3)
Questions and Problems 427(1)
References and Additional Reading 428(1)
Municipal Wastewater Treatment 429(22)
C.P. Gerba
I.L. Pepper
The Nature of Wastewater (Sewage) 430(2)
Modern Wastewater Treatment 432(7)
Primary Treatment 432(1)
Secondary Treatment 432(1)
Trickling filters 432(3)
Conventional activated sludge 435(1)
Nitrogen removal by the activated sludge process 436(1)
Phosphorus removal by activated sludge process 436(1)
Tertiary Treatment 437(1)
Removal of Pathogens by Sewage Treatment Processes 437(2)
Removal of Organics and Inorganics by Sewage Treatment Processes 439(1)
Oxidation Ponds 439(2)
Septic Tanks 441(2)
Land Application of Wastewater 443(2)
Wetlands and Aquaculture Systems 445(1)
Sludge Processing 446(5)
Stabilization Technologies 447(1)
Aerobic digestion 447(1)
Anaerobic digestion 447(1)
Sludge Processing to Produce Class A Biosolids 448(1)
Composting 448(1)
Lime and heat treatment 449(1)
Questions and Problems 449(1)
References and Additional Reading 450(1)
Land Application of Biosolids and Animal Wastes 451(17)
I.L. Pepper
C.P. Gerba
Biosolids and Animal Wastes: A Historical Perspective and Current Outlook 452(1)
The Nature of Wastewater (Sewage) 452(1)
Wastewater (Sewage) Treatment 453(1)
Class A versus Class B Biosolids 453(1)
Methods of Land Application of Biosolids 453(3)
Benefits of Land Application of Biosolids 456(1)
Biosolids as a Source of Plant Nutrients 456(1)
Biosolid Impact on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties 456(1)
Reduced Pollution 457(1)
Hazards of Land Application of Biosolids 457(7)
Site Restrictions 457(1)
Nitrates and Phosphates 457(1)
Metals and Organics 457(2)
Emerging Chemicals of Concern 459(1)
Pathogens 460(1)
Exposure via air 460(1)
Exposure via groundwater 460(1)
Exposure via soil 460(4)
Sources of Animal Wastes 464(1)
Nonpoint Versus Point Source Pollution 465(1)
Benefits of Land Application of Animal Wastes 465(1)
Hazards of Land Application of Animal Wastes 466(1)
Public Perceptions of Land Application 466(2)
Questions and Problems 467(1)
References and Additional Reading 467(1)
Drinking Water Treatment and Water Security 468(21)
C.P. Gerba
K.A. Reynolds
I.L. Pepper
Water Treatment Processes 469(2)
Disinfection 471(1)
Factors Affecting Disinfectants 472(1)
Halogens 473(4)
Chlorine 473(1)
Chloramines 474(1)
Chlorine Dioxide 474(1)
Ozone 475(1)
Ultraviolet Light 475(2)
Disinfection By-Products 477(1)
Residential Water Treatment 478(4)
Residential Water Contamination 479(1)
Treatment Deficiencies 479(2)
Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technology 481(1)
Water Security 482(3)
Potential Terrorist Attacks 482(1)
Real-Time Monitoring 482(3)
Monitoring Community Water Quality 485(4)
Questions and Problems 485(1)
References and Additional Reading 486(3)
PART 6 EMERGING ISSUES IN POLLUTION SCIENCE
Genetically Engineered Crops and Microbes 489(10)
C. Rensing
G. Grass
I.L. Pepper
Introduction to Nucleic Acids 490(1)
Recombinant DNA Technology 490(1)
Transfer of Nucleic Acid Sequences from One Organism to Another (Cloning) 490(2)
Chemical Synthesis, Sequencing and Amplification of DNA 492(1)
DNA Synthesis 492(1)
DNA Sequencing 493(1)
PCR Amplification 493(1)
Heterologous Gene Expression in Pro- and Eukaryotes 493(1)
Genetically Engineered Plants for Agriculture 494(1)
Insect Resistance 494(1)
Virus Resistance 495(1)
Herbicide Resistance 495(1)
Fungus and Bacterial Resistance 495(1)
Genetically Engineered Plants for Remediation 495(1)
Metal Remediation via Plants 495(1)
Organic Remediation via Plants 496(1)
Microbial-Assisted Remediation 496(1)
Genetic Engineering of Biodegradative Pathways 497(1)
Radiation Resistant Degraders 497(1)
Potential Problems Due to Genetically Modified Organisms 497(1)
Summary 498(1)
Questions and Problems 498(1)
References and Additional Reading 498(1)
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Gene Transfer 499(7)
C. Rensing
I.L. Pepper
Why Are Antibiotics An Issue? 500(1)
Classification and Function of Antibiotics 500(1)
Development of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance 501(1)
Transfer of Genetic Material by Horizontal Gene Transfer 501(1)
Prevalent Environments Favoring HGT 501(1)
Isolation and Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 502(1)
Incidence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Various Environments 502(2)
Environmental Samples and Food 502(1)
Hospitals 503(1)
Feedlots 504(1)
Gene Transfer Between Bacteria---How Prelevant Is It? 504(1)
Environmental Samples 504(1)
Summary and Conclusions 505(1)
Questions and Problems 505(1)
References and Additional Reading 505(1)
Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disruptors 506(10)
R. Arnold
D. Quanrud
C.P. Gerba
I.L. Pepper
Endocrine Disruptors and Hormones 507(1)
Significance of EDCs in Water 507(1)
Incidence of EDCs in Water 508(3)
Fate and Transport of Estrogenic Compounds in Municipal Wastewater 511(1)
Methods for Measuring Estrogenic Activity in Water 512(2)
What are the Risk of EDCs? 514(2)
Questions and Problems 515(1)
References and Additional Reading 515(1)
Epilogue: Is the Future of Pollution History? 516(5)
I.L. Pepper
C.P. Gerba
M.L. Brusseau
The Role of Government in Controlling Pollution 517(1)
Research Priorities Necessary to Protect Human Health 517(1)
Pollution Prevention of Earth, Air, and Water 517(1)
Is the Future of Pollution History? 518(3)
References and Additional Reading 520(1)
Index 521
기본정보
| ISBN | 9780125515030 ( 0125515030 ) |
|---|---|
| 발행(출시)일자 | 2006년 04월 11일 |
| 쪽수 | 준비중 |
Klover
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