Preface xi
Introduction 1(4)
Part I: Theory 5(102)
Ohm's Law---Resistance 5(18)
Introduction 5(1)
Electrokinetics 5(4)
Solids 7(1)
Magnitude of Electric Current 7(1)
Charge Conservation 8(1)
Steady-State Ohm's Law 9(2)
Conductivity 9(1)
Electrostatic Equilibrium of a Conductor 10(1)
Conductors in a Steady-State Environment 10(1)
Integram Form of Ohm's Law 11(1)
Elementary Theory of Conductivity (P. K. Drude Model) 12(6)
Conduction in a Sinusoidal Environment 15(2)
Skin Effect 17(1)
Joule's Law 18(1)
The Limits of Validity of Ohm's Law 19(1)
Electrodynamics of Steady-State Environments 20(1)
Conclusion 21(2)
Reversible Phenomena Associated with Ohm's Law 23(10)
Introduction 23(1)
Matthiessen's Rule 23(2)
Reversibility Associated with Changes in Temperature 25(2)
Reversibility Associated with Changes in Electric Field 27(2)
Reversibility Associated with the Magentic Field 29(1)
Reversibility Associated with the Mechanical Forces and Deformations 30(1)
Conclusion 31(2)
Irreversible Phenomina Associated with Ohm's Law 33(18)
Introduction 33(1)
Time-Temperature Effects 34(17)
Kinetics and Diffusion Phenomena 34(1)
Nature of the Transport Force 35(1)
Study and Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient 36(5)
Diffusion Mechanisms 41(2)
Permanent Changes in Resistivity 43(3)
Oxidation of a Metal or Alloy 46(5)
Resistive Materials 51(24)
Introduction 51(1)
Metals and Solid Alloys 52(6)
Copper-Nickel and Copper-Manganese-Nickel Alloys 52(1)
Nickel-Chrome Alloys 53(2)
Conduction Mechanism in Magnetic Alloys 55(3)
Thin Films 58(6)
Thin Films in Use: Description and Electronic Properties 58(2)
Conduction Mechanisms in Thin Films and the Origins of Nonreversible Drift 60(3)
Substrates 63(1)
Thick-and Thin-Film Cermets 64(10)
Conductivity Mechanism 64(2)
Thich-Film Glass-Metal Cermets 66(2)
Thick-Film Organic Cermets 68(1)
Thin-Film Cermets 68(6)
Conclusion 74(1)
Noise Phenomena 75(10)
Introduction 75(1)
Origins of Noise 75(9)
Thermal Noise 76(1)
Excess Noise, Current Fluctuations 77(3)
Noise Measurements 80(4)
Conclusion 84(1)
Heat Transfer 85(22)
Introduction 85(1)
Description of Heat Transfer Mechanisms 86(4)
Conduction 86(1)
Convection 87(1)
Radiation 88(1)
Heat Exchange through Phase Changes 89(1)
General Equations for Conduction 90(3)
Energy Balance 90(2)
Analytical Expressions for the Heat Equation 92(1)
Heating in Resistors 93(13)
Heating in a Cylindrical Resistor 93(5)
Heating in Flat Resistors 98(1)
Components as Shown in Fig. 3 98(3)
Components as Shown in Fig. 4 101(2)
Transfer at the Interfaces and Contact Rsistances 103(3)
Conclusion 106(1)
Part II: Technology 107(148)
Introduction 107(2)
Overview of Fixed and Variable Resistors 109(14)
Fundamental Parameters 109(6)
Ohmic Value 109(1)
Nominal Ohmic Value of a Resistor 110(1)
Dissipation and Nominal Temperature 111(2)
Critical Resistance 113(1)
Temperature Coefficient 113(1)
Voltage Coefficient 114(1)
Resistors 115(2)
General 115(1)
Wirewound Resistors 115(2)
Potentiometer Characteristics 117(3)
Taper and Conformity 117(1)
Total Mechanical and Electrical Travel 118(1)
Contact Resistance 119(1)
Setting Stability 120(1)
Precision Resistors 120(3)
Resistive Circuits 123(12)
Introduction 123(1)
Parasitic Resistance, Insulation, and Connections 123(4)
Influence on Ohmic Values 123(4)
Resistor Assemblies (Ratio, Dividers, Bridges, etc.) 127(3)
Ratio 127(1)
Voltage Divider (Potentiometer, Half-bridge, etc.) 128(1)
Wheatstone Bridge 129(1)
Frequency Response of Resistors 130(5)
Power and Wirewound Resistors 135(18)
Introduction 135(2)
Low-Power Resistors 137(6)
Electrical and Mechanical Characteristics 140(3)
High-Power Resistors 143(3)
Low-Ohmic Value Power Resistors 146(1)
High-Power Surface-Mount Resistors 147(3)
Measurement of Heat Dissipation during Operation 150(2)
Conclusion 152(1)
Precision Resistors and Resistor Networks 153(28)
Introduction 153(1)
Precision Wirewound Resistors 154(1)
Foil Resistors 154(9)
Physical Principles of TCR Control and Adjustment 159(4)
Thick-Film Precision Resistors 163(6)
Thin-Film Precision Resistors 169(1)
High Precision Low-Ohmic Value Resistors 170(6)
Thermoelectric Effect 176(2)
Comparison of The Different Technologies 178(1)
Conclusion 178(3)
Potentiometers and Potentiometric Position Sensors 181(24)
Introduction 181(1)
Potentiometers and Trimmers 182(10)
Track Materials and Characteristics 183(1)
Wipers: Characteristics and Materials 183(9)
Displacement Transducers and Precision Potentiometers 192(2)
Practical Results 194(9)
Nature and Structure of the Tracks 194(1)
Wipers 195(1)
Adjustment 196(2)
Nonlinear Laws 198(5)
Conclusion 203(2)
Magnetoresistance and Its Applications: Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in Ferromagnetic Alloys 205(16)
Introduction 205(1)
Definitions 206(2)
Structure and Operating Principles 208(5)
Hysteresis Cycles 208(5)
Material Selection 213(1)
Sensor Design 214(2)
Applications 216(3)
Incremental Magnetic Encoders 216(1)
Absolute Magnetic Encoders 217(2)
Conclusion 219(2)
Nonlinear Resistors 221(34)
Introduction 221(1)
Conductivity Mechanisms in Ceramics and Oxides 222(6)
Electrical Conductivity of Ceramics 222(4)
Ionic Conductivity in Ceramics 226(2)
Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistors 228(9)
Production Techniques for Ceramic and for Electrode Deposition 231(1)
Thermistor Types 232(1)
Typical Applications 233(1)
Current-Voltage Characteristics 234(1)
Temperature Sensors (Low Heat Dissipation) 235(1)
Applications Based on the Nonlinear b-c Region 235(1)
Applications Based on Current-Time Relations 236(1)
Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistors 237(3)
Chemical Composition and Electrical Properties 238(2)
PTC Thermistor Types 240(2)
Applications 242(2)
Varistors 244(7)
Varistor Effects 245(1)
Varistor Structure and Fabrication