Understanding Language Structure, Interaction, and Variation, Second Edition
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패키지
북카드
작가정보
목차
How to Use This book xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
List of Figures xxiii
Introduction to Linguistics 1(12)
Preliminaries 1(1)
The Subfields of Linguistics 1(1)
Approaches to Language 2(8)
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 2(4)
Diachronic vs. Synchronic 6(1)
Competence vs. Performance 7(2)
Linguistics as a Science 9(1)
Exercises 10(1)
Words to Know 10(1)
Review 10(1)
Research Projects 10(1)
Further Readings 11(2)
The Building Blocks of Language 13(47)
Overview 13(1)
The Sounds of Language 13(13)
The Phonetic Alphabet 14(4)
How Are the Sounds Produced in the Mouth? 18(5)
Sounds and Meaning 23(3)
Words and Their Parts 26(6)
Morphemes and Words 26(1)
Free vs. Bound Morphemes 27(1)
Affixes 27(1)
Inflectional vs. Derivational 28(1)
Where Do New Words Come From? 29(3)
Idioms and Phraseology 32(1)
The Way Sentences Are Put Together 32(11)
The Double Articulation of Language 32(3)
Syntax 35(8)
Types of Sentences 43(8)
Recursion and Embedded Sentences 47(2)
Syntax, Universal Grammar, and the Chomskian Program 49(2)
Beyond the Sentence 51(5)
Coherence and Cohesion 51(2)
Conversation Analysis 53(3)
Exercises 56(3)
Words to Know 56(1)
Review 56(2)
Research Projects 58(1)
Further Readings 59(1)
How Do We Mean Things? 60(20)
The Meaning of Words 60(7)
Breaking Down Words 61(2)
Meaning Relationships 63(1)
Denotation and Connotation 64(2)
Getting Rid of Ambiguity 66(1)
The Meaning of Sentences 67(10)
Pointers to the Context of Sentences 67(1)
The Influence of Context 68(1)
How Do We Mean What We Say? 68(9)
Exercises 77(1)
Words to Know 77(1)
Review 77(1)
Research Project 78(1)
Further Readings 78(2)
Sociolinguistics 80(15)
What Do We Say? 80(2)
How Do We Say Things? 82(6)
Face 82(1)
Forms of Address 83(5)
Whom Do We Speak To? 88(4)
Language Contact 88(1)
Bilingualism/Diglossia 88(2)
Language Planning 90(1)
Code Switching 91(1)
Exercises 92(1)
Words to Know 92(1)
Review 92(1)
Research Projects 93(1)
Further Readings 93(2)
Language Variation 95(15)
Language and Dialect 95(8)
Dialectology 97(6)
The Notion of Standard English 103(3)
Why Do Dialects/Accents Persist? 105(1)
Exercises 106(3)
Words to Know 106(1)
Review 106(1)
Research Projects 107(2)
Further Readings 109(1)
Language and Social Groups 110(12)
Social Class Dialects 110(6)
Labov's Studies 111(1)
Social Networks 112(1)
Restricted vs. Elaborated Codes 113(1)
Caste 114(1)
Age 114(2)
Register 116(2)
Jargon 118(1)
Slang 119(1)
Exercises 120(1)
Words to Know 120(1)
Review 121(1)
Research Projects 121(1)
Further Readings 121(1)
Pidgins and Creoles 122(10)
Languages of Wider Communication 122(1)
Pidgins 123(2)
Characteristics of Pidgin Languages 123(1)
Types of Pidgins 124(1)
Creoles 125(1)
Theories of Pidgin and Creole Origins 126(1)
Superstrate Theories 126(1)
Substrate Theories 126(1)
A Universalist Theory: The Bioprogram 127(1)
Pidgins and Lectal Variation 127(1)
Decreolization 128(1)
Exercises 129(1)
Words to Know 129(1)
Review 129(1)
Research Projects 130(1)
Further Readings 130(2)
African-American Vernacular English 132(16)
Origins of AAVE 132(7)
Dialectologist Hypothesis 132(2)
Creole Hypothesis 134(2)
Recent Debate about the Origins of AAVE 136(2)
Divergence Hypothesis 138(1)
A Grammatical Sketch of AAVE 139(3)
Phonology 139(1)
Tense and Aspect 140(2)
Relative Clauses 142(1)
Summary of Differences between AAVE and SAE 142(1)
AAVE and Education 142(2)
Exercises 144(2)
Words to Know 144(1)
Review 144(1)
Research Projects 144(2)
Further Readings 146(2)
Language Policy 148(16)
Multilingualism 148(6)
Introduction 148(1)
National and Minority Languages 149(2)
Diglossia 151(1)
Successful Minority Languages 152(1)
Language Rights 153(1)
Language Planning and Policy 154(8)
The Situation in Some Nations 155(5)
Language Maintenance, Shift, and Death 160(2)
Exercises 162(1)
Words to Know 162(1)
Review 162(1)
Research Projects 162(1)
Further Readings 162(2)
Language and Gender 164(10)
Early Studies 164(2)
Men, Women, and Conversation 166(3)
Characteristics of Women's Discourse 169(1)
Language and Power 169(1)
Gender in Playgrounds/Classrooms 169(1)
Language and Men 170(1)
Lesbian and Gay Male Language Use 171(1)
Sexist Language 171(1)
Exercises 172(1)
Words to Know 172(1)
Review 172(1)
Research Projects 172(1)
Further Readings 173(1)
Literacy 174(20)
The Written Word 174(2)
Literacy and Orality 174(1)
Writing Systems 175(1)
Reading 176(5)
Reader, Text, and Meaning 176(1)
Reading Development in a First Language 177(1)
Spelling 178(1)
Teaching Methods 179(2)
Writing 181(4)
Product Approaches to Writing 181(1)
Process Approaches to Writing 182(3)
Contrastive Rhetorics 185(1)
Computer-Mediated Communication 186(6)
Genres of CMC 187(1)
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous CMC 188(1)
Writing and Speech Features 188(1)
Jargon of CMC 189(2)
Sociolinguistics of CMC 191(1)
How Different Is CMC from Non-CMC? 191(1)
Exercises 192(1)
Words to Know 192(1)
Review 192(1)
Research Projects 192(1)
Further Readings 192(2)
First Language Acquisition 194(23)
Three Theories 194(4)
Behaviorism 194(2)
Innatism 196(1)
Interactionism 196(2)
Summing Up the Theories of Language Acquisition 198(1)
Learning a First Language 198(10)
The Preverbal Stage 198(1)
The Role of Conversation 199(1)
Stages 200(1)
Babbling 200(1)
First Words 201(1)
Under- and Overextension 202(1)
Development of Vocabulary 202(2)
Later Vocabulary Development 204(1)
The Two-Word Stage 204(1)
Learning Grammar 205(2)
Later Developments in Grammar 207(1)
Pragmatics 207(1)
Atypical Language Development 208(6)
Hearing Impairments 209(1)
Mental Retardation 209(1)
Autism 210(1)
Stuttering 210(1)
Aphasia 211(1)
Dyslexia 211(3)
Exercises 214(1)
Words to Know 214(1)
Review 214(1)
Research Projects 214(1)
Further Readings 215(2)
Second Language Acquisition 217(17)
Transfer and Interlanguage 217(4)
Developmental Sequences 219(1)
Order of Acquisition 220(1)
L1 = L2? 221(1)
Krashen and the Monitor Hypothesis 221(3)
Acquisition and Learning 222(1)
Monitor Hypothesis 222(1)
Natural Order Hypothesis 223(1)
Input/Comprehension Hypothesis 223(1)
Affective Filter Hypothesis 223(1)
Instructed SLA 224(1)
Input and Interaction 225(2)
Interaction 225(1)
Interlanguage Talk 226(1)
Output 226(1)
Individual Differences and SLA 227(5)
Intelligence 228(1)
Aptitude 228(1)
Motivation 228(1)
Attitude 229(1)
Personality Factors 230(1)
Learning Styles and Strategies 231(1)
Exercises 232(1)
Words to Know 232(1)
Review 232(1)
Research Projects 232(1)
Further Readings 232(2)
Language and Literature 234(18)
Casual vs. Elaborated Language 234(9)
Arrangement of Sounds 235(4)
Figures of Thought 239(4)
Narrative 243(6)
Narrative Functions 244(1)
Narrator, Narratee, and Their Implied Relatives 244(1)
Points of View 245(4)
Exercises 249(1)
Words to Know 249(1)
Review 249(1)
Research Projects 250(1)
Further Readings 250(2)
Linguistics in the Professions 252(22)
Language and the Law 252(4)
Legal Language 252(1)
Language in Court 253(1)
Legislation on Language 254(1)
Forensic Linguistics 255(1)
Language and Medicine 256(2)
Discourse 256(1)
Social Factors 257(1)
Translation 258(5)
Quality of Translation 258(2)
Testing Translation 260(1)
Problems with Translation 261(2)
Machine Translation 263(1)
Language in Education 263(1)
Teacher Talk as a Register 263(1)
Lexicography 264(5)
Dictionaries 264(1)
Types of Dictionaries 265(3)
Issues in Lexicography 268(1)
Speech Pathology 269(1)
Exercises 270(2)
Words to Know 270(1)
Review 270(1)
Research Projects 270(2)
Further Readings 272(2)
The Nature of Language 274(15)
Features of Language 274(2)
The Double Articulation of Language 274(1)
Productivity 274(1)
Arbitrariness 275(1)
Interchangeability 275(1)
Displacement 275(1)
Discreteness 276(1)
Specialization 276(1)
Cultural Transmission 276(1)
The Birds and the Bees 276(2)
The Bees' Dance 276(1)
Birds' Vocalizations 277(1)
Apes 277(1)
Language and Culture 278(4)
Language and Thought 278(3)
Critical Discourse Analysis 281(1)
Sign Language 282(4)
Introduction 282(1)
Sign vs. Gesture 282(1)
Universality of Sign Language 282(1)
Arbitrariness of the Sign 283(1)
Sign as a System of Language 283(2)
Language Variation 285(1)
Language Acquisition 285(1)
Conclusion 286(1)
Exercises 286(1)
Words to Know 286(1)
Review 287(1)
Research Projects 287(1)
Further Readings 287(2)
Historical Linguistics 289(34)
The History of English 290(1)
Old English (OE): AD 450 to 1100 291(4)
OE Phonology 292(1)
OE Morphology and Syntax 292(3)
Middle English (ME): AD 1150 to 1500 295(4)
The Grammar of ME 296(1)
The Literature of ME 297(1)
Dialects of ME 297(2)
Modern English: AD 1500 to Present 299(3)
Additions to the Lexicon 299(1)
The Great Vowel Shift 299(2)
Morphology in the Renaissance Period 301(1)
The Augustan Age and the Move toward Standardization 301(1)
Recent Morphological and Lexical Developments 302(1)
English as a World Language 302(10)
American English 303(3)
World Englishes 306(6)
Diachronic Linguistics 312(8)
The Comparative Method 312(2)
Language Families 314(1)
The Indo-European Family 314(1)
The Language Families of Africa 315(1)
Asia and the Pacific 316(2)
The Americas 318(1)
Isolates 319(1)
Nostratic/Proto-World 319(1)
Exercises 320(1)
Words to Know 320(1)
Review 320(1)
Research Projects 320(1)
Further Readings 321(2)
Pedagogical Grammar 323(19)
History of Grammar 323(7)
The Greeks 323(2)
The Romans 325(1)
The Middle Ages 326(1)
The Renaissance 326(1)
Scientific Linguistics 327(3)
Pedagogy of Grammar 330(6)
Types of Grammars 330(1)
Grammar Pedagogy 331(3)
Cognitive Grammar 334(2)
The Reed-Kellogg Diagramming System 336(3)
The Diagramming System 336(3)
Exercises 339(1)
Words to Know 339(1)
Review 340(1)
Research Projects 340(1)
Further Readings 340(2)
English Grammar 342(27)
The Basic Components of Sentences 342(1)
The Verb 342(9)
Types of Verbs 343(1)
Voice 344(1)
TMA System 345(5)
Number 350(1)
The Noun 351(2)
Number 351(1)
Gender 352(1)
Case 352(1)
Minor Parts of Speech 353(5)
Modifiers 353(1)
Pro-forms 354(1)
Determiners 355(1)
Conjunctions 356(1)
Prepositions 357(1)
Interjections 357(1)
Particles 358(1)
Phrase-Level Grammar 358(1)
Noun Phrases 358(1)
Verb Phrases 358(1)
Other Phrasal Constituents 359(1)
Sentence-Level Grammar 359(5)
Complex Sentences 360(3)
Marked Sentential Patterns 363(1)
Exercises 364(3)
Review 364(1)
Research Project 365(2)
Further Readings 367(1)
Answers to Research Project 368(1)
Glossary 369(34)
Bibliography 403(22)
Index 425
기본정보
ISBN | 9780472030385 ( 0472030388 ) |
---|---|
발행(출시)일자 | 2005년 07월 08일 |
쪽수 | 464쪽 |
크기 |
182 * 253
* 28
mm
/ 966 g
|
총권수 | 1권 |
언어 | 영어 |
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