[Book] Psychoenvironmental Forces in Substance Abuse Prevention

Introduction: Tracing Dispositions Affecting 1 (20)
the Use of Harmful Substances
Early Work on Images, Meanings, and Cultural 3 (4)
Differences
Applying Imaging to the Problem of Substance 7 (1)
Abuse
Prevention--The Problem behind the Problem of 8 (2)
Substance Abuse
Prevention Requires a Fundamental Paradigm Shift 10 (2)
Tracing Psychological Dispositions through 12 (9)
Comparative Imaging
PART I. THE ASSESSMENT OF INTERNAL 21 (56)
DISPOSITIONS THROUGH COMPARATIVE IMAGING
1. Alcohol, Drugs: Images That Help to 21 (12)
Identify Sources of Differences between Use
and Non-Use
Images of Alcohol and Drinking 22 (4)
Images of Drugs 26 (2)
User Versus Nonuser Dispositions across the 28 (2)
Domain of Alcohol and Drugs
Quantifying Common Sense 30 (3)
2. Additional Images (Friends, Fun) Useful 33 (22)
in Tracing Psychological Dispositions to Use
Alcohol and Drugs
Images of Friends and Having Fun 33 (8)
User versus Nonuser Dispositions within the 41 (1)
Domain of Friends and Entertainment
Consistent Trends in Two Domains of Life 42 (1)
Users' and Nonusers' Perceptions of Problems 43 (4)
Differing Views of Authority, Discipline, 47 (3)
and Other Values
Self-Image and the Meaning of Family 50 (1)
Perceptions of, and Attitudes toward, 51 (1)
Social Institutions
The Inner Worlds Revealed by Comparative 51 (4)
Imaging
3. The System: Mapping the World of Users 55 (22)
and Nonusers
Shifting the Assessment from Single Images 55 (1)
to the System--The Subjective World
Reconstruction of the System by Its Natural 56 (1)
Parameters
Dominance--What Is Important to Users and 57 (6)
to Nonusers
Models of Cognitive-Semantic Representations 63 (1)
An Independent View of Images and Systems 64 (6)
from Neurobiology
The World of Users and of Nonusers as Shown 70 (7)
by the Parameters
PART II. THE ASSESSMENT OF 77 (36)
VULNERABILITY/RESISTANCE THROUGH COGNITIVE
MAPPING
4. The Measurement of 77 (10)
Vulnerability/Resistance: The Propensity for
Substance Abuse
The Common Experience of Vulnerability or 77 (3)
Susceptibility
Measuring Vulnerability to Substance Abuse 80 (7)
5. Vulnerability and Resistance: The Effects 87 (16)
of Using Various Harmful Substances
Is the Measurement of Vulnerability a Pipe 87 (1)
Dream or Reality?
How the Students' Vulnerability Compares to 88 (1)
Their Self-Reported Use
Vulnerability Associated with Use of 89 (5)
Specific Substances
Relative Vulnerability with Alcohol, 94 (1)
Tobacco, and Marijuana Use
Vulnerability of Students with Different 95 (3)
Gender and Background
Communicating Findings and Their Validity 98 (2)
with Line Graphs
The Central Assumption Confirmed 100(1)
Focus on Etiology: Gradual Changes in 100(3)
Dispositions and in Behavior
6. Criterion and Construct Validation of the 103(10)
Vulnerability/Resistance Measure
Testing the Accuracy of the 103(3)
Vulnerability/Resistance Measure to Predict
Use
Construct Validation 106(1)
Use of Multiple Indicators to Assess 107(6)
Propensity for Substance Abuse
PART III. TRACING THE EFFECTS OF BACKGROUND 113(50)
AND LIFESTYLE ON THE USE OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES
7. Background and Group Membership: Factors 113(20)
Affecting Substance Abuse
The Impact of High-Use and Low-Use 114(4)
Environments on Vulnerability
The Effects of Background on Propensities 118(9)
for Using or Not Using Harmful Substances
Group Memberships Impact More than Social 127(6)
Life
8. Lifestyles Affecting Vulnerability to 133(14)
Substance Abuse
Conflicting Reports of Lifestyle Influences 133(1)
on Substance Abuse
Social Contacts: Going Out with Friends and 134(6)
Dating
Participation in Sports--The Hidden Health 140(3)
Risk
How TV Viewing Habits Can Affect 143(4)
Vulnerability
9. Academic Performance and Lifestyles That 147(16)
Build Resistance
Are Academic Motivation and Academic 147(4)
Performance Seriously Compromised by
Alcohol and Drug Use?
Any Volunteers? 151(4)
An Active Religious/Spiritual Life Builds 155(2)
Resistance to Substance Abuse
Convergent Findings Indicate Propensities 157(6)
with Deep Roots and Strong Implications for
Prevention
PART IV. TRACING ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES, 163(72)
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL
10. Cultural Factors in Substance Abuse 163(16)
The Case of Hispanic-Americans 163(5)
Acculturation--Integrating Two Worlds 168(2)
The Multipolarity of Hispanic-American 170(1)
Populations
Depth and Specificity of the New Knowledge 171(3)
on Cultural Influences and Barriers
Cultural Distance Is a Function of Many 174(2)
Background Factors
Multidimensional Imaging and Mapping Gives 176(3)
Broader Understanding of Cultural Influences
11. Acculturation--Its Impact on Substance 179(14)
Abuse: Puerto Ricans in New York
The Apparent Paradox of Puerto Rican Drug 179(5)
Use
Puerto Rican Drug Users and Nonusers in Two 184(9)
Cultural Environments
12. The Phantom Power of Environmental 193(18)
Influences
Cultural Influences: Comparisons of 193(12)
Mexican-American and Puerto Rican College
Students, Users, and Nonusers, with
Anglo-Americans
Social-Environmental Influences in 205(6)
Substance Abuse
13. Program Development and Culturally 211(24)
Adapted Training
The Analysis of Culture 211(1)
Tracing and Using Cultural Dispositions in 212(1)
Training
Bridging Cultural Differences in Child 213(16)
Rearing Approaches
Conclusions Supported by the 229(1)
Culture-Adapted Training Experience
Breaking the Chain of Dependency and 230(5)
Destitution
PART V. APPLICATIONS: DIAGNOSTICS, PROGRAM 235(46)
PLANNING, AND EVALUATION
14. An Early Warning System: Assessment of 235(12)
Risks by Measuring Vulnerability/Resistance
The Demographic Basis of Risk Assessment 236(1)
Vulnerability Assessment Reaches beyond 237(1)
Unidimensional Demographics
Testing Theories about Causation and 238(1)
Contributing Factors
Anticipating Alcohol and Drug Problems 239(8)
15. Planning and Targeting Programs Based on 247(14)
Imaging and Mapping
Data-Based Program Development 247(2)
Examples from College Applications 249(4)
Experiences from College Applications 253(2)
The Complementary Use of Imaging and Mapping 255(6)
16. Program Evaluation, Feedback by 261(20)
Measuring Vulnerability/Resistance
The Evaluation Dilemma in Prevention 261(2)
Measuring Changes Produced by Treatment 263(8)
Measuring Changes in Campus Climate 271(1)
Measuring the Effects of Select Program 272(4)
Activities
The Three Applications in Perspective 276(5)
PART VI. THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE 281(34)
PERSPECTIVES
17. Some of the Well-Known Approaches to 281(14)
Drug Prevention
The Biogenetic Approach 282(1)
Sociological Models 283(1)
Dispositional Theories 284(1)
Interpersonal Theories 285(4)
Cognitive Theories 289(3)
Comprehensive Theories 292(1)
Cutting through the Semantic Fog: Are We 293(1)
Comparing Apples and Oranges?
Substituting Competing Theoretical 294(1)
Positions with Research-Based Assessments
18. The Latest Scientific Developments Open 295(12)
a Window on Propensities
A Window on Invisible Forces 295(1)
Cognitive Psychology and the Cognitive 296(3)
Sciences--The Effects of Implicit Cognitions
Neurobiology: The System of Representation 299(4)
and Behavioral Organization
Research on Factors Affecting Decisions and 303(2)
Behavior
Looking under the Hood 305(2)
19. Comprehensive Prevention: Future 307(8)
Perspectives
A Systematic Prevention-Intervention 307(3)
Strategy in Three Steps
Future Vistas and Opportunities 310(5)
Appendix. Comparative Imaging and Mapping by 315(26)
the Associative Group Analysis (AGA) Method
Background 315(3)
Data Collection and Organization 318(4)
Main Analytic Measures and Procedures 322(13)
A Model of Cognitive-Semantic Representations 335(1)
Multidisciplinary Applications 336(5)
References 341(14)
Index 355