Paul Ekman was a Professor of Psychology for 32 years in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California at San Francisco. He also served as chief psychologist in the U.S. Army, Fort Dix New Jersey from 1958-1960. His interests have focused on two separate, but related topics: He originally focused on nonverbal behavior, and by the mid-60s concentrated on the expression and physiology of emotion. His other interest is interpersonal deception. His research program was supportedby grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the DOD, loosely affiliated with UCSF. His many honors have included the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association in 1991, and an honorary doctor of humane letters from the University of Chicago in 1994. Dr. Ekman retired from UCSF in 2004. He currently serves as the chairman of the board of the Institute of Analytic Interviewing and continues to consult on research and training related to emotion and deception. Erika Rosenberg is an emotions researcher, a health psychologist, and an expert in facial expression measurement. Dr. Rosenberg currently consults with a variety of academic and non-academic clients on issues related to facial behavior, teaches workshops in FACS and emotional communication, and is a Lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the University of California, Davis.
While we have known for centuries that facial expressions can reveal what people are thinking and feeling, it is only recently that the face has been studied scientifically for what it can tell us about internal states, social behavior, and psychopathology. Today's widely available,sophisticated measuring systems have allowed us to conduct a wealth of new research on facial behavior that has contributed enormously to our understanding of the relationship between facial expression and human psychology. The chapters in this volume present the state-of-the-art in this research.They address key topics and questions, such as the dynamic and morphological differences between voluntary and involuntary expressions, the relationship between what people show on their faces and what they say they feel, whether it is possible to use facial behavior to draw distinctions amongpsychiatric populations, and how far research on automating facial measurement has progressed. The book also includes follow-up commentary on all of the original research presented and a concluding integration and critique of all the contributions made by Paul Ekman. As an essential reference for all those working in the area of facial analysis and expression, this volume will be indispensable for a wide range of professionals and students in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, and behavioral medicine.
Part I. Basic Research Emotion 1. Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, Ronald C. Simons: Is the Startle Reaction an Emotion? Afterword: Is the Startle Reaction an Emotion?Paul Ekman: Afterword: FACS in the Study of the Latah Syndrome2. Ronald C. Simons: The Asymmetry of Facial Actions is Inconsistent with Models of Hemispheric Specialization Afterword: Asymmetry in Facial Muscular ActionsJoseph C. Hager: 3. Erika L. Rosenberg and Paul Ekman: Coherence Between Expressive and Experiential Systems in Emotion Afterword: Erika Rosenberg 4. Willibald Ruch: Will the Real Relationship between Facial Expression and Affective Experience Please Stand Up: The Case of Exhilaration Afterword: The FACS in Humor ResearchWillibald Ruch: 5. Willibald Ruch: Extroversion, Alcholo, and Enjoyment Afterword: Laughter and TemperamentWillibald Ruch: 6. Dacher Keltner: Signs of Appeasement: Evidence for the Distinct Displays of Embarrassment, Amusement, and Shame 7. Kenneth D. Craig, Susan A. Hyde, Christopher J. Patrick: Genuine, Suppressed, and Faked Facial Behavior During Exacerbation of Chronic Low Back Pain Afterword: On Knowing Another's PainKenneth Craig: 8. Kenneth M. Prkachin: The Consistency of Facial Expressions of Pain: A Comparison Across Modalities Afterword: The Consistency of Facial Expressions of PainKenneth M. Prkachin: 9. Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, Maureen O'Sullivan: Smiles When Lying Afterword: Smiles When LyingPaul Ekman: 10. Mark G. Frank, Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen: Behavioral Markers and Recognizability of the Smile of Enjoyment Afterword: Some Thoughts on FACS. Dynamic Markers of Emotion and BaseballMark G. Frank: 11. Pierre Gosselin, Gilles Kirouac, Francois Y. Dore: Components and Recognition of Facial Expression in the Communications of Emotion by Actors Afterword: Components and Recognition of Facial Expressions in the Communication of Emotion by Actors Gilles Kirouac 12. Ursula Hess, Robert E. Kleck: Differentiating Emotiom Elicited and Deliberate Emotional Facial Expression Afterword: Ursula Hess 13. Linda Camras, Harriet Oster, Joseph J. Campos, Kazuo Miyake, Donna Bradshaw: Japanese and American Infants' Responses to Arm Restraint 14. Diana Rosenstein, Harriet Oster: Differential Facial Responses to Four Basic Tastes in Newborns Afterword: Facial Expressions as a Window on Sensory Experience and Affect in Newborn InfantsHarriet Oster: 15. Daniel Messinger, Alan Fogel, K Laurie Dickson: All Smiles are Positive, But Some Smiles are More Positive than Others Afterword: A Measure of Early JoyDaniel S. Messinger: 16. Karen L. Schmidt, Jeffrey F. Cohn, and Yingli Tien: Signal Characteristics of Spontaneous Facial Expression: Automatic Movement in Solitary and Social Smiles 17. Jeffrey F. Cohn, Adena J. Zlochower, James Lien and Takeo Kanade: Automated Face Analysis by Feature Point Tracking has High Concurrent Validity with Manual FACS Coding 18. Marion Stewart Bartlett, Javier R. Movellan, Gwen Littlewort, Bjonr Braathen, Mark G. Frank and Terrance J. Sejnowski Afterword: The Next Generation of Automatic Facial Expression Measurement: Towards Automatic Recognition of Spontaneous Facial Actions Part II. Applied Research 19. Paul Ekman, David Matsumoto, Wallace V. Friesen: Facial Expression in Affective Disorders 20. Howard Barenbaum, Thomas F. Oltmanns Afterword: Emotion, Facial Expression and Psychopathology: Emotional Experience and Expression in Schizophrenia and Depression 21. Evelyne Stimer-Krause, Rainer Krause, Gunter Wagner: Interaction Regulations Used by Schizophrenic and Psychosomatic Patients; Studies on Facial Behavior in Dyadic Interactions Afterword: Rainer Krause 22. Heiner Ellgring: Nonverbal Expression of Psychological States in Psychiatric
"What the Face Reveals dramatically illustrates the value of precise measurement of facial behavior in illuminating an impressive range of issues in basic and applied research. The chapters present innovative state-of-the-art applications of facial measurement, and the commentaries by authorsand editors greatly enrich the readers experience. This is affective science of the highest quality, brimming with intriguing findings and promising new directions." --Robert W. Levenson, Professor of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley and Director of the Institute of Personality andSocial Research and the Berkeley Psychophysiology Laboratory
"What the Face Revealsdramatically illustrates the value of precise measurement of facial behavior in illuminating an impressive range of issues in basic and applied research. The chapters present innovative state-of-the-art applications of facial measurement, and the commentaries by authors and editors greatly enrich the readers experience. This is affective science of the highest quality, brimming with intriguing findings and promising new directions." --Robert W. Levenson, Professor of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley and Director of the Institute of Personality and Social Research and the Berkeley Psychophysiology Laboratory
The chapters in this volume represent the state-of-the-art in the study of facial expression. They address key topics and questions such as the dynamic and morphological differences between voluntary expressions, the relationship between what people show on their faces and what they say they feel, whether it is possible to use facial behavior to draw distinctions among psychiatric populations, and the latest research on automating facial measurement. The book also includes updatedcommentary by the authors on any contributions appearing previously and a concluding integration and critique of all the contributions by Paul Ekman. As an essential reference for all those working in the area of facial analysis and expression, this volume will be indispensable for a wide range ofprofessionals and students in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, and behavioral medicine.